Temperaturne prilike u julu 2007. godine kao ekstremna klimatska pojava u Srbiji

According to other parts of the world extreme climatic phenomenon have passed beside Serbia. However, some of them appeared in our country. Beside extreme climatic phenomenon, extreme climatic seasons have great significance for geographic environment. During the 2007 July was has had high temperatures long lasted. The absolute maximal temperature has been achieved in Serbia. In Smederevska Palanka was registered 44.9°C. Those events deserves great scientific attention. in this paper we have considered in detailed those temperature conditions as unsuitable climatic phenomenon, especially in relation to range of extremity of temperature in Serbia.U odnosu na ostale delove sveta Srbija je dosta pošteđena ekstremnih klimatskih događaja. Ipak, neki od njih pojavljuju se i kod nas. Pored ekstremnih klimatskih pojava i ekstremne klimatske sezone imaju veliki značaj za geografsku sredinu. Tokom 2007. godine mesec juli se istakao po izuzetno visokim temperaturama vazduha koje su dugo trajale. Dostignuti su apsolutni maksimumi temperature u Srbiji. U Smederevskoj palanci je zabeleženo čak 44,9°C. Takvi događaji zaslužuju naučnu pažnju. U radu su detaljno razmotrene tadašnje temperaturne prilike kao nepovoljna klimatska pojava, posebno u odnosu na pragove ekstremnosti temperature u Srbiji

Metodologija određivanja pragova za ekstremne temperature vazduha u istočnoj Srbiji na primeru januara i jula meseca u Negotinu

The human life and the most of human activities are adapted to the normal climatic conditions everywhere in the world. Therefore any deviation in intensity, frequency or spatial distribution of climatic events is considered as extraordinary climatic phenomenon which could cause unpleasant consequences. These events are known as extreme phenomenon. In this paper extreme air temperature events are formulated, and methodology for identification is considered on the example of Negotin town in eastern part of Serbia.Čovekov život i aktivnosti su prilagođeni normalnim klimatskim uslovima u odgovarajućem delu sveta. Zbog toga svako odstupanje u intenzitetu učestalosti ili prostornoj rasprostranjenosti klimatskih pojava mnogo od normale predstavlja vanrednu situaciju i može imati nepovoljne posledice. Za takve pojave se kaže da su ekstremne. U radu su definisane ekstremne temperaturne pojave i razrađena je metodologija za njihovo otkrivanje na primeru grada Negotina na istoku Srbije

Osnovne karakteristike beogradskog ostrva toplote

The urban heat island, as a phenomenon due to the higher air temperature in the cities as compared to their immediate surroundings, represents the most important consequence of the urbanization influence on the topoclimate. As compared to the smaller cities in its surroundings, Belgrade's average annual temperature is from 0,4 to 1,0 ºC higher (period 1961-1990). A very liable index of the Belgrade's heat island is the air temperature measured at the airport in Surčin. In the period from 1971-1990. average annual air temperature at the airport was 11,2 ºC, and in the city center it was 0,7 ºC higher. Belgrade has a higher absolute minimal temperature than its surroundings during every month. In the last climatic period the absolute temperature minimum in Belgrade was even 5,4 ºC higher than the highest value measured within this parameter in its wider surroundings (Veliko Gradište -26,4 ºC). In the above mentioned twenty years period the absolute air temperature minimum in Surčin was -26,0 ºC, and in the city center only -18,2 ºC. The number of the frosty days at the airport was 77,8, and in Belgrade 58,2. Although the heat island of Belgrade was formed together with formation of the city, it was more evident at the beginning of the 20th century (0,4 ºC). During the next five to six decades a faster intensity growth was recorded (up to 0,9 ºC). This coincides with the period of the population growth as well as with development of the city activities, industry above all. During one year the intensity of the Belgrade's heat island reached its maximum in winter. In January the city, as compared to Surčin, was warmer for about 1,0 ºC, and in September for only 0,1 ºC. The daily variations of the heat island are such that it reaches its highest intensity during the evening hours (at 9 p.m. 0,9 ºC). If the average values of the extreme daily temperatures are being examined, one can see a distinct difference: average city minimums are 1,5 ºC higher than the airport minimums, while the maximums are only 0,2 ºC higher. During winter, in concrete anticyclonic conditions, it can be 10 ºC warmer in the city than in the immediate surroundings. Together with the perennial growth of heat island intensity, its "space range" also expands. The space structure of the heat island is very distinct. Exceptions in the temperature values between certain points of measurements in the winter morning hours can go up to 6-8 ºC.Uticaj čoveka na atmosferu i klimu u gradovima se manifestuje izmenom vrednosti svih klimatskih elemenata. Još od početka XIX veka se smatra da se klimatski uticaj urbanizacije najjasnije ispoljava na temperaturi vazduha. Tačnije, svi gradovi, i manji, isto kao i veliki, imaju višu temperaturu vazduha od svoje neposredne okoline. Na taj način dolazi do formiranja gradskog ostrva toplote. To važi i za Beograd. Intenzivnost i razmere tog fenomena se menjaju u vremenu i prostoru. Upravo taj problem je razmotren u ovom radu

Osnovne karakteristike beogradskog ostrva toplote

The urban heat island, as a phenomenon due to the higher air temperature in the cities as compared to their immediate surroundings, represents the most important consequence of the urbanization influence on the topoclimate. As compared to the smaller cities in its surroundings, Belgrade's average annual temperature is from 0,4 to 1,0 ºC higher (period 1961-1990). A very liable index of the Belgrade's heat island is the air temperature measured at the airport in Surčin. In the period from 1971-1990. average annual air temperature at the airport was 11,2 ºC, and in the city center it was 0,7 ºC higher. Belgrade has a higher absolute minimal temperature than its surroundings during every month. In the last climatic period the absolute temperature minimum in Belgrade was even 5,4 ºC higher than the highest value measured within this parameter in its wider surroundings (Veliko Gradište -26,4 ºC). In the above mentioned twenty years period the absolute air temperature minimum in Surčin was -26,0 ºC, and in the city center only -18,2 ºC. The number of the frosty days at the airport was 77,8, and in Belgrade 58,2. Although the heat island of Belgrade was formed together with formation of the city, it was more evident at the beginning of the 20th century (0,4 ºC). During the next five to six decades a faster intensity growth was recorded (up to 0,9 ºC). This coincides with the period of the population growth as well as with development of the city activities, industry above all. During one year the intensity of the Belgrade's heat island reached its maximum in winter. In January the city, as compared to Surčin, was warmer for about 1,0 ºC, and in September for only 0,1 ºC. The daily variations of the heat island are such that it reaches its highest intensity during the evening hours (at 9 p.m. 0,9 ºC). If the average values of the extreme daily temperatures are being examined, one can see a distinct difference: average city minimums are 1,5 ºC higher than the airport minimums, while the maximums are only 0,2 ºC higher. During winter, in concrete anticyclonic conditions, it can be 10 ºC warmer in the city than in the immediate surroundings. Together with the perennial growth of heat island intensity, its "space range" also expands. The space structure of the heat island is very distinct. Exceptions in the temperature values between certain points of measurements in the winter morning hours can go up to 6-8 ºC.Uticaj čoveka na atmosferu i klimu u gradovima se manifestuje izmenom vrednosti svih klimatskih elemenata. Još od početka XIX veka se smatra da se klimatski uticaj urbanizacije najjasnije ispoljava na temperaturi vazduha. Tačnije, svi gradovi, i manji, isto kao i veliki, imaju višu temperaturu vazduha od svoje neposredne okoline. Na taj način dolazi do formiranja gradskog ostrva toplote. To važi i za Beograd. Intenzivnost i razmere tog fenomena se menjaju u vremenu i prostoru. Upravo taj problem je razmotren u ovom radu

Antropogena emisija toplote u atmosferu Beograda

During last few decades the phenomenon of global warming up of the atmosphere is discovered. It is also concluded that the climate in cities changes, the main result of what is the higher air temperature, the heat island within the places with cold weather. This happens also in Belgrade. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, but the anthropogenic production of energy is considered to be one of the main factors for the rise of temperature. The aim of this work is to define anthropogenic sources of heat in Belgrade and to reckon the quantity of heat they emit as additional sources in relation to the sun.Tokom poslednjih decenija je otkriven trend globalnog zagrevanja atmosfere. Takođe je konstatovano da se menja klima gradova, što se najviše manifestuje porastom temperature vazduha tako da se stvaraju urbana ostrva toplote u hladnijoj okolini. To je utvrđeno i za Beograd. Navodi se više uzroka ovoj pojavi, ali se smatra da je antropogena proizvodnja toplote jedan od glavnih činilaca porasta temperature. Cilj ovog rada je da se definišu antropogeni izvori toplote u Beogradu i da se izračuna količina toplote koju oni emituju, kao dopunski izvori toplote u odnosu na Sunce

Feasibility study of a current mode gamma radiation dosimeter based on a commercial pin photodiode and a custom made auto-ranging electrometer

An experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a current mode gamma radiation dosimeter, consisting of a commercial PIN photodiode as a radiation sensor, and a custom made auto-ranging electrometer for real-time measurement of the PIN photodiode’s response under radiation exposure. The radiation induced direct current response for single PIN photodiodes with different active areas, as well as for multiple PIN photodiodes connected in parallel, has been investigated. Three types of commercial silicon PIN photodiodes have been chosen for evaluation - S1223, BPW34, and PS100-6-CER2 PIN. During the experiment, five samples have been tested - three samples made of single PIN photodiodes (one sample of each photodiode type) and two samples formed by connecting multiple photodiodes in parallel (two BPW34 photodiodes in parallel and four BPW34 photodiodes in parallel). The samples have been irradiated with a 60Co gamma ray source and the relations between the induced photocurrent and the dose rate, and between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose, have been determined. For measuring the photodiodes response, a custom made auto-ranging electrometer controlled by a personal computer, and capable of measuring direct currents from 50 pA to 10 mA with relative error less than 2.5%, has been used. Obtained results have shown very good linearity between the dose rate and the induced photocurrent for dose rates ranging from 0.93 Gy/h to 67 Gy/h. Also, very good linearity has been observed between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose for all tested samples, within the investigated range of absorbed doses from 472 mGy to 3.3 Gy. On the basis of the obtained results, a simple model has been derived, enabling the estimation of the photodiode’s current response as a function of the dose rate and the photodiode’s geometry (active area and depletion layer width). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43011

The first underground pedestrian crossing at new Belgrade

First underground pedestrian crossing at New Belgrade (1965-1970) was constructed according to the designs by architect Milorad Pantović (1910-1986) falls among the first important projects realized in the Central zone of New Belgrade and as the first example of the object of underground urbanism and architecture at New Belgrade. The aim of this paper is to enlighten the so far insufficiently known field of Pantović's work in the post-war practice and to point to the architectural value of the so conceived project at the point where the underground and aboveground traffic traverse, and also to open this topic in domestic historiography. When viewing the circumstances of origin, architectural forming and functional program, the studious and detailed presentation of the first underground pedestrian crossing at New Belgrade has been shown

Temperaturne prilike u julu 2007. godine kao ekstremna klimatska pojava u Srbiji

According to other parts of the world extreme climatic phenomenon have passed beside Serbia. However, some of them appeared in our country. Beside extreme climatic phenomenon, extreme climatic seasons have great significance for geographic environment. During the 2007 July was has had high temperatures long lasted. The absolute maximal temperature has been achieved in Serbia. In Smederevska Palanka was registered 44.9°C. Those events deserves great scientific attention. in this paper we have considered in detailed those temperature conditions as unsuitable climatic phenomenon, especially in relation to range of extremity of temperature in Serbia.U odnosu na ostale delove sveta Srbija je dosta pošteđena ekstremnih klimatskih događaja. Ipak, neki od njih pojavljuju se i kod nas. Pored ekstremnih klimatskih pojava i ekstremne klimatske sezone imaju veliki značaj za geografsku sredinu. Tokom 2007. godine mesec juli se istakao po izuzetno visokim temperaturama vazduha koje su dugo trajale. Dostignuti su apsolutni maksimumi temperature u Srbiji. U Smederevskoj palanci je zabeleženo čak 44,9°C. Takvi događaji zaslužuju naučnu pažnju. U radu su detaljno razmotrene tadašnje temperaturne prilike kao nepovoljna klimatska pojava, posebno u odnosu na pragove ekstremnosti temperature u Srbiji

Klimatski ekstremi u Srbiji - definicije, vrste i klasifikacija

Climatic extremes as negative events are named to be one of the major problems of humankind today. Still, their complex and systematic study is missing - they are studied only as an 'attachment' to the problem of contemporary climate changes. Number of terms is used arbitrarily, such as climatic extremes and extreme climate events. From the geographical perspective, there is a need to define extremes and classify them at first, and only then to establish criteria for their identification, to link the problem to the geographical base, etc. There should be a specific approach for every area on Earth. In this work 31 extreme climate events have been isolated and defined, and all of them, according to their specific characteristics and their harmfulness, have been classified into 5 categories. Systematic geographical studies of these events could intensify the fight against atmospheric hazards in Serbia and help the system of insurance of people and material goods. There should be regulations that would include precise definitions of all hazards with precise borders of the harmfulness of the event, then the assessment of the possible endangerment and the possibility of protection in certain regions, etc.Klimatski ekstremi kao nepovoljne pojave danas se svrstavaju među najveće probleme čovečanstva. Ipak, nedostaje njihovo kompleksno i sistematsko proučavanje, a ne kao 'privezak' problemu savremenih promena klime. Mnogi termini se koriste proizvoljno, kao klimatski ekstremi i ekstremne klimatske pojave. Sa aspekta geografije postoji potreba prvo za definisanjem ekstrema i njihovom klasifikacijom, a tek onda za uspostavljanjem kriterijuma za njihovo identifikovanje, za povezivanje problema sa geografskom osnovom itd. Za svaki prostor na Zemlji neophodan je specifičan pristup. U radu je izdvojena i definisana ukupno 31 ekstremna klimatska pojava u Srbiji i sve su na osnovu specifičnosti i stepena štetnosti svrstane u 5 kategorija. Sistematska geografska proučavanja ovih pojava bi mogla intenzivirati borbu protiv atmosferskih nepogoda u Srbiji i pomoći sistem osiguranja ljudi i materijalnih dobara. U okvirima regulativa morale bi da se nalaze precizne definicije svih nepogoda sa preciznim granicama štetnosti pojave, zatim procene moguće ugroženosti i mogućnosti zaštite u pojedinim regionima i sl

Grmljavinske nepogode kao ekstremna klimatska pojava u Srbiji

Humankind has been exposed to climate extremes from the very beginning of its existence. Today, prevention and mitigation of natural catastrophes have become a priority for International Union and World Meteorological Organization. Atmospheric electrical discharges and thunders represent an event characteristic of our part of the world in the warm half of a year. This climate event pose a danger to human life and material goods, so this work discusses approximate number of days with thunder and the absolutely highest number of days with thunder in Serbia in the period from 1995 to 2005.Ljudska vrsta je od početka svog postojanja bila izložena klimatskim ekstremima. Danas su za međunarodnu zajednicu i Svetsku meteorološku organizaciju sprečavanje i ublažavanje prirodnih katastrofa postali prioriteti. Atmosferska električna pražnjenja i grmljavine predstavljaju pojavu karakterističnu za naše krajeve u toploj polovini godine. Radi se o klimatskoj pojavi opasnoj za život ljudi i za materijalna dobra, pa su u ovom radu razmatrani prosečni broj dana sa grmljavinom i apsolutno najveći broj dana sa grmljavinom u Srbiji u periodu 1991-2005. godina